Tag: Washington Post

Scientists use microchips to track “Ghosts of Gotham”

Selected coverage: Washington Post, Popular Science, STATNews, Motherboard

For the first time, scientists have tagged NYC rats with RFID microchips to study their individual behavior and potential for transmitting disease

For the first time, researchers are able to study the daily activity of some of the most abundant, most dangerous and secretive, and least known denizens of the world’s great cities: rats. In the open-access journal Frontiers in Public Health, scientists present a novel, cheap, and safe method to tag city rats with RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) microchips and track their individual movements over several months. The new method, tried and tested on New York City rats – nicknamed “Ghosts of Gotham” because of their elusiveness – is expected to yield a wealth of data on the behavior of city rats and their potential for transmitting disease.

“We don’t know much about the behavior of city rats, or as much as we need to know about the organisms they can transfer to humans, either directly or indirectly through ticks and fleas,” says Michael H. Parsons, a researcher at the Department of Biology at Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, and lead author of the new study.

“For example, there are currently no known routine surveillance programs for rats in the USA, nor are the population dynamics of rat pathogens systematically monitored in any part of the world. But it’s imperative that we study these subjects because by the year 2050, 75% of the world’s population will live in urban areas, and could therefore be exposed to rat pathogens. Even today, rats and other rodent pests cost the U.S. economy $19 billion per year from food loss, infrastructure damage, and disease.”

Known rat-borne diseases include Rat bite fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Lyme and Cat-scratch disease, but it is certain that many other rat-borne pathogens remain to be discovered: for example, in a 2014 study, researchers found 18 viruses new to science in a sample of only 133 New York City rats.

Studying wild rats is difficult. Current knowledge about rats comes mainly from non-representative observations on migrating or exceptionally gregarious rats that are active during daylight. Rats are also dangerous to handle, and quickly learn to avoid recapture in traps, while traditional methods for animal tracking, such as radio-telemetry of GPS tagging, often fail in cities where signals are blocked by infrastructure. The new method is the first to overcome these challenges.

“We developed the first safe method – not only for researchers, but also for the rats — for collecting pathogens from the same rat individuals over time, while monitoring their individual behaviors and predispositions. We show that rats can be effectively monitored with RFID microchips, without a lot of funds – the total cost of our equipment was less than $ 15,000,” says Parsons.

Parsons et al. give a step-by-step description of the method, including how to locate rat colonies, trap rats, anesthesize them, take blood, fecal, and skin parasite samples for disease testing, and surgically implant an RFID chip – about the size of a rice grain – under their skin. Once tagged rats are released back into their original environment, their daily activity can be monitored through RFID reading stations, which are treated with natural rat scents – easily extracted from the soiled bedding of laboratory rats – to attract wild rats. Each time a tagged rat comes within a few inches of a station, its presence is registered, while a weighing scale and camera automatically collect weight data and video footage.

Initial results show that rats have different personalities: some are shy, and some are bold. There is also a pronounced sex difference in activity: our female rats were most active between the daylight hours, while males were active throughout the day and night.

“We’re looking forward to seeing others using or improving our protocol, so that rat populations and their pathogens can be systematically monitored to help protect against potential disease outbreaks,” concludes Parsons. “Even in our home city of New York, with more than 8 million people, there are fewer than 10 institutional researchers pursuing rat research – perhaps we can help change that.”

 

EurekAlert! PR: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-07/f-sum070816.php

Study: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00132/full

For leaders, looking intelligent is less important than looking healthy

Selected coverage: Washington Post, Harvard Business Review, TIME, Die Stern, The Times, Voice of America, Entrepreneur, Business Insider

People look for candidates with a healthy complexion when choosing a leader, but don’t favor the most intelligent-looking candidates except for positions that require negotiation between groups or exploration of new markets. These results are published in the open-access journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.

Brian Spisak from the VU University Amsterdam and colleagues studied people’s implicit preferences for traits of leaders, such as health, intelligence, and attractiveness, and how they look for information about these qualities in the physical appearance of others.

The researchers focused on facial traits because these provide a wealth of information about individuals. For example, in women as well as men, caring and cooperative personalities are statistically more likely to have a more “feminine” face, due to higher estrogen levels, while aggressive risk-takers tend to have higher testosterone levels and a more “masculine” face.

They asked 148 women and men to imagine that they were selecting a new CEO for a company and to repeatedly pick between two photos of male faces. For each choice, the participants were given a job description that specified the CEO’s main challenge. This was either to drive aggressive competition, renegotiate a key partnership with another company, lead the company’s shift into a new market, or oversee the stable, sustained exploitation of non-renewable energy.

In each choice, both photos were of the same man, whose face had been digitally transformed. His face had been made to look more or less intelligent while his complexion was changed to look more or less healthy.

A stronger general preference for health than intelligence was found. The participants chose more healthy-looking faces over less healthy-looking faces in 69% of trials, and this preference was equally strong irrespective of the future CEO’s main challenge. More intelligent-looking faces were only preferred over less intelligent-looking faces for the two challenges that would require the most diplomacy and inventiveness: renegotiating the partnership and exploring the new market.

“Here we show that it always pays for aspiring leaders to look healthy, which explains why politicians and executives often put great effort, time, and money in their appearance. If you want to be chosen for a leadership position, looking intelligent is an optional extra under context-specific situations whereas the appearance of health appears to be important in a more context-general way across a variety of situations,” says Spisak, lead author of the paper and Assistant Professor at the Department of Management and Organization of VU University Amsterdam.

EurekAlert! PR: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-11/f-fll103114.php

Study: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00792/full